What Is the Metabolism Trend in Architectural History

Metabolism is a modern architecture movement originating in Japan and most influential in the 1960s—trending roughly from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. The word metabolism describes the process of maintaining living cells. Young Japanese architects after World War II used this word to describe their beliefs about how buildings and cities should be designed, emulating a living being. The postwar reconstruction of Japans cities spawned new ideas about the future of urban design and public spaces. Metabolist architects and designers believed that cities and buildings are not static entities, but are ever-changing—organic with a metabolism. Postwar structures that accommodated population growth were thought to have a limited lifespan and should be designed and built to be replaced. Metabolically designed architecture is built around a spine-like infrastructure with prefabricated, replaceable cell-like parts—easily attached and readily removable when their lifespan is over. These 1960s avant-garde ideas became known as Metabolism. Best Examples of Metabolist Architecture A well-known example of Metabolism in architecture is Kisho Kurokawas Nakagin Capsule Tower in Tokyo. Over 100 prefabricated cell-capsule-units are individually bolted onto a single concrete shaft—like brussels sprouts on a stalk, although the look is more like a stalk of front-loading washing machines. In North America, the best example of Metabolist architecture is arguably the housing development created for the 1967 Exposition in Montreal, Canada. A young student named Moshe Safdie burst onto the architecture world with his modular design for Habitat 67. Metabolist History The Metabolist movement filled the void left in 1959 when the Congrà ¨s Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM), founded in 1928 by Le Corbusier and other Europeans, disbanded. At the 1960 World Design Conference in Tokyo, the old European ideas about static urbanism were challenged by a group of young Japanese architects. Metabolism 1960: Proposals for a New Urbanism documented the ideas and philosophies of Fumihiko Maki, Masato Otaka, Kiyonari Kikutake, and Kisho Kurokawa. Many Metabolists had studied under Kenzo Tange at Tokyo Universitys Tange Laboratory. Growth of a Movement Some Metabolist urban plans, such as space cities and suspended urban landscape pods, were so futuristic that they were never fully realized. At the World Design Conference in 1960, established architect Kenzo Tange presented his theoretical plan to create a floating city in Tokyo Bay. In 1961, Helix City was Kisho Kurokawas bio-chemical-DNA metabolic solution to urbanism. During this same time period, theoretical architects in the US also were being widely exhibited—American Anne Tyng with her City Tower design and Austrian-born Friedrich St. Florians 300-story Vertical City. The Evolution of Metabolism Its been said that some of the work at the Kenzo Tange Lab was influenced by the architecture of American Louis Kahn. Between 1957 and 1961, Kahn and his associates designed stacked, modular towers for the Richards Medical Research Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. This modern, geometric idea for using space became a model. The world of Metabolism was itself interconnected and organic—Kahn himself was influenced by the work of his partner, Anne Tyng. Likewise, Moshe Safdie, who apprenticed with Kahn, incorporated elements of Metabolism in his breakthrough Habitat 67 in Montreal, Canada. Some would argue that Frank Lloyd Wright started it all with his cantilever design of the 1950 Johnson Wax Research Tower. The End of Metabolism? The 1970 International Exposition in Osaka, Japan was the last collective effort of Metabolist architects. Kenzo Tange is credited with the master plan for the exhibitions at Expo 70. After that, individual architects from the movement became self-driven and more independent in their careers. The ideas of the Metabolist movement, however, are themselves organic—organic architecture was a term used by Frank Lloyd Wright, who was influenced by the ideas of Louis Sullivan, often called 19th century Americas first modern architect. Twenty-first-century ideas about sustainable development are not new ideas—theyve evolved from past ideas. The end is often a new beginning. In the Words of Kisho Kurokawa (1934–2007) From the Age of Machine to the Age of Life - Industrial society was the ideal of Modern Architecture. The steam engine, the train, the automobile, and the airplane freed humanity from labor and permitted it to begin its journey into the realm of unknown....The age of the machine valued models, norms, and ideals. ...The age of the machine was the age of the European spirit, the age of universality. We can say, then, that the twentieth century, the age of the machine, has been an age of Eurocentrism and logos-centrism. Logos-centrism posits that there is only one ultimate truth for all the world....In contrast to the age of the machine, I call the twenty-first century the age of life.....I found the Metabolism movement in 1959. I consciously selected the terms and key concepts of metabolism, metamorphosis, and because they were the vocabulary of life principles. Machines do not grow, change, or metabolize of their accord. Metabolism was indeed an excellent choice for a key word to anno unce the beginning of the age of life....I have chosen metabolism, metamorphosis, and symbiosis as key terms and concepts to express the principle of life.—Each One a Hero: The Philosophy of Symbiosis, Chapter 1 I thought that architecture is not permanent art, something that is completed and fixed, but rather something that grows towards the future, is expanded upon, renovated and developed. This is the concept of metabolism (metabolize, circulate and recycle).—From the Age of Machine to Age of Life, lARCA 219, p. 6 Francis Crick and James Watson announced the double helix structure of DNA between 1956 and 1958. This illustrated that there is a order to the structure of life, and the connections /communication between cells is performed by information. This fact was something that was very shocking to me.—From the Age of Machine to Age of Life, lARCA 219, p. 7 Learn More Project Japan: Metabolism Talks by Rem Koolhaas and Hans-Ulrich Obrist, 2011Buy on AmazonKenzo Tange and the Metabolist Movement: Urban Utopias of Modern Japan by Zhongjie Lin, 2010Buy on AmazonMetabolism in Architecture, Kisho Kurokawa, 1977Buy on AmazonKisho Kurokawa: Metabolism And Symbiosis, 2005Buy on Amazon Source of quoted material: Kisho Kurokawa Architect Associates, copyright 2006 Kisho Kurokawa architect associates. All rights reserved.

The Natural Superiority of America in the World Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The French lifestyle is much more conducive to a leisurely and introspective approach to life. It also encourages neighborhood shopping and more interaction with one s neighbors and a more connected way of life. Americans focus on the Protestant work ethic of hard work and sacrifice and have less of a focus on enjoying life on a daily basis. Americans over-value hard work-- the working vacation is not uncommon but even expected in many professions. Fast food, eating on the go, quick meals, drive-thru lunches, coffee to-go, 70 hour work weeks, 2 weeks vacation a year, and shopping at the local cookie-cutter-anonymous mall are standard American lifestyle choices. In fact, America sees those as a point of pride in her citizens lives. Enjoying lifeless and refusing to slow down are typical American badges of honor. What do those French do with their extra time? With more free and leisure time, the French culture naturally has developed a major focus on French achievements and artistic accomplishments while America tends to re-move itself from anything cultural if it interferes with her work-ethic. France takes pride in its centuries of contributions to the arts, humanities, literature, architecture, and music. We will write a custom essay sample on The Natural Superiority of America in the World or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Taking a Look at Depression - 1250 Words

Depression 2 â€Å" Life is full of emotional ups and downs. But when the â€Å"down† times are long lasting or interfere with your ability to function, you may be suffering†(NIMH). Its normal for humans to feel sad after a break up, a disappointment or a tragic lost, but when your sadness prolong for a long period of time and the feeling increases and intensifies to the point that a person can’t function properly at their capacity, the sadness can turn to a severe problem. Depression, its considered a serious illness that affects everyone regarding their age, sex, economic status and ethnic/ racial background. Statistics have shown that one in ten adults suffers depression annually and that women are twice likely to be affected by this mental illness (NIHM). Although, the majority of people that suffer depression don’t get treated for this condition, people that get treated improve their condition and feel better about themselves since depression can be curable with proper treatment. Depression affects the body, mind behavior and mood, many experience depression in different ways, some of the common symptoms that people experience are difficulty in concentrating, remembering or making decisions, persistence of sadness, lost of interest in pleasurable activities, irritability, excessive crying, feelings of guilt, worthless, helplessness, hopefulness, sleeping to much or too little, gaining or loosing weight, fatigue, thoughts or death or suicide and even attemptingShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Depression1734 Words   |  7 PagesDepression Research Paper Not being understood, or helped, and feeling like someone is stomping on you; these are just some of the side effects that depression brings to you with a devilish smirk. In this essay we will cover the history of depression, most forms of depression, the side effects, warning signs, and the steps to help yourself and others recover and avoid this illness. What is depression? 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Understanding of Business Model-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Disucss about the Business Model. Answer: Introduction Business model can be defined as a plan for successful business operation, which identifies the revenue sources, customer bases, products and details of financing for an organization (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). This study will describe business model as per the article on The Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research written by Zott, Amit and Massa. The study will describe the notions like e-business archetype, business model as activity system and cost/revenue architecture. Moreover, the study will show the usage of such business models in solving inert and active business problem. Besides this, the discussion will also focus on the essentiality of change in business through the example of Planet Innovation Organization. Discussion Business model refers to the content, structure and governance of transaction, which are designed for creating value through exploration of business opportunities. According to Casadesus?Masanell and Zhu, (2013), business model is commonly referred as the interdependent activity system, which surpasses the pivotal firm and expands its boundaries. On the contrary, Zott and Amit, (2013) brought about their viewpoint that business model defines the statement, description, representation, architecture, conceptual tool, structural template, framework and pattern of a particular business. It is the plan for a successful business operation through identifying the sources of revenue, product, detailed financing and intended customer base. The activities of organizations and its partners have huge impact on the business model conceptualization. While considering the viewpoint of Zott et al., (2011), business model is comprised of certain elements, which are interlocked. These are profit formula, customer value proposition, key resources and key processes for creating and delivering high business value. This model seeks both capturing value and value creation through the utilization of value oriented activities, advanced technologies and effective revenue and cost structure. On the other hand, Markides, (2013) opined that model can be the reflection of organizations realized strategy for gaining competitive edge over the rival companies. Competitive business model goes beyond the earning profit and revenue and it highly focuses on creating high level of customer value for enhanced competitive advantage. While considering the book The Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research written by Zott, Amit and Massa, it can be seen that there are three types of business notions of enhancing business value. These business notions are e-business model archetype, business model as an activity system and revenue and cost architecture or technology management. Contemporary business organizations are highly dedicating extreme devotion to the business model constructed on e-business. Such business model signifies undertaking business operation electrically. This also encompasses internet based business, e-commerce and e-market. Moreover, Zott et al., (2011) opined that in e-business model, companies ensure profitable dealings with their business partners and buyers over the internet. As per Schneider and Spieth, (2013), new progression in communication and information technologies has amplified the magnitude of improved business value. Furthermore, the swift development and emergence of internet as well as swift deterioration in computing and communicational cost allows the firms towards creating and delivering high value. Bohnsack et al., (2014) opined that the e-commerce, e-shops and e-communication allows direct interaction with the customers through direct product delivery to customers, direct feedback from the customers and direct commu nication with the customers. The digital content of e-business model has the potential to reach out to mass customers through strategic marketing and attract huge customer base towards the product or services. Business model as activity system denotes value creation and value capture through activities. According to Zott et al., (2011), business model activity system defines set of business capabilities, which are configured towards qualifying the creation of organizational value, which will be consistent enough with either social or economic strategic purposes. As per this business model, value creation mechanism goes beyond value, which can be realized through innovation, formational of strategic network among firms, configuration of value chain and exploration of organizational core competencies. According to Bohnsack et al., (2014) business model as activity system is always concerned with creating unique value to the customers for gaining competitive advantage over the rivals. Unique features distinguish an organization from the others in the market and foster competitive gain towards increased business performance. Business model as cost/revenue architecture can be represented as technology and innovation framework. While considering the viewpoint of Zott et al., (2011), it can be said that organizations have the ability to incorporate technological innovation and ideas according to the business model. On the contrary, Carayannis et al., (2015) discoursed that the model can signify latest innovation dimensions. These dimensions have the ability to extent outmoded process, products and organizational modernization. Furthermore, this involves new collaboration forms and mutual collaboration within the company for augmented innovation. An imperative part of business model is capturing value from initial technological stage over exposing the potential value embedded in the technology and convert them into market outcomes. Integration of new technology advances the operational and commercial activities of the business, which enhances the economic value of an organization. On the other hand, organiza tions can also use open innovation, where the organizations mostly look outside the organizational boundaries for leveraging external source of ideas. However, at the same time, the organizations also look for internal ideas towards advance business process. With increasing competition in the business environment, organizations need to conceptualize and upgrade their flow of business operations through proper business model. Such models would help them in meeting the business values. Static and dynamic problems are highly ubiquitous both for small as well as large scale organizations. Business models can effectively manage the static business problems like cost structure, organizational resources and organizational structure. Business model based of cost/revenue structure assists in quantifying the available revenue source of the process of business operation (Carayannis et al., 2015). With the help of this process, organizations have the ability to incorporate proper make or buy choice for modified operational and production process. On the other hand, model of e-business contributes in innovation process, which also gains newest operative technologies, so that positive business operations are achieved. The business model based on value creation facilitates in correlating the static and dynamic business challenges like organizational structure, revenues and operational structure for gaining maximized organizational profit (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). Dynamic business problems are quite tough to manage, as it frequently changes with the changing market condition. Moreover, organizations always face issues in their business operations with the dynamic changes in customer trends, demand and supply for products, product diversification and government policies. Such business problems can effectively be mitigated through value creation business model and e-business model (Markides, 2013). In such business models, organizations can get direct interaction with the customers, which can facilitate the organization towards identifying customer trends and changing customer preferences. Figure 1: Business Model Framework (Source: Amit Zott, 2015) Business context assess the surrounding business environment of an organization. Moreover, business context find out the problems and scope of the business in its surrounding environment. It can involve organization itself, its stakeholders, system, process and others. In todays first moving business environment, organizations are facing frequent changes in its business context. Therefore, competitive businesses need to keep pace with such changes in the business context for beating the market competition and gaining competitive edge. Moreover, organizational changes are inevitable for successful business. According to Carayannis et al., (2015), technology is rapidly changing in contemporary business context. In such situation, utilization of backdated technological equipments can prevent the success level of the organization. Therefore, the organizations should change their technological background for beating the competition in the market. On the other hand, Schneider and Spieth, ( 2013) opined that customer preferences are also changing with their changing needs and demand. Therefore, organizations should frequently change their business model with the changes of customer preferences. While considering the impact and importance of business model, Planet Innovation organization can be considered as the best example. In the resent past the organization had to face issues related to its value chain. This is because the organization was initially dealing with local and to some extent with national organizations. Services were mostly confined under consultancy and product designing for its partners and clients. The business model that was constructed initially was quite basic and simple with limited locale, partner, client type, information technology, resource, value and channels. Planet Innovation started to expand from the latter half of 2014, where it extended its services to international market including new innovation base in North America (Langsdon et al., 2017). Also, with the extent of services, the organization started producing innovative items for its in-house machinery. Finally, it started developing its own products into new market selling through niche marketing. Therefore, it is evident enough that the organizations initial business model was impacted through change arising from market expansion and diversification that included plenty of new customer type, partners, customer relationship and asset management (Bohnsack et al., 2014). Organizational managers had to quantify the importance of different stakeholders, distribution channels, talent management and value proposition before developing the latest business model as shown in figure 2. Figure 2: Hybrid Business Model Framework (Source: DaSilva Trkman, 2014 Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that business model is a set of interdependent activities, which explores business opportunities towards gaining business profit. As per the business model book written by Zott, Amit and Massa, there are three types of business model like e-business model, business model as activity system and business model as cost revenue structure. All these models facilitate organizations towards adding competitive advantage in beating market competition. Moreover, such models help in solving both static and dynamic organizational problems. For instance, Planet Innovation uses the mixture of e-business model and business model as activity system for offering unique feature in all their product categories. Moreover, they have changed their traditional business model for gaining competitive advantage over the rival companies. References Amit, R., Zott, C. (2015). Crafting business architecture: The antecedents of business model design.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(4), 331-350. Bohnsack, R., Pinkse, J., Kolk, A. (2014). Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles.Research Policy,43(2), 284-300. Carayannis, E. G., Sindakis, S., Walter, C. (2015). Business model innovation as lever of organizational sustainability.The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(1), 85-104. Casadesus?Masanell, R., Zhu, F. (2013). Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor?based business models.Strategic management journal,34(4), 464-482. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: what it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Langsdon, R., Langsdon, R., Vom, E., Joffe, M., Dopheide, S., Langsdon, R. et al. (2017).Planet Innovation | Strategic Innovation, Advanced Product Development Commercialization.Planet Innovation. Retrieved 31 July 2017, from https://planetinnovation.com.au/ Markides, C. C. (2013). Business model innovation: What can the ambidexterity literature teach us?.The Academy of Management Perspectives,27(4), 313-323. Schneider, S., Spieth, P. (2013). Business model innovation: Towards an integrated future research agenda.International Journal of Innovation Management,17(01), 1340001. Zott, C., Amit, R. (2013). The business model: A theoretically anchored robust construct for strategic analysis.Strategic Organization,11(4), 403-411. Zott, C., Amit, R., Massa, L. (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), 1019-1042.